Propellant formulation and projectiles and munitions employing same

ABSTRACT

A solid, heterogeneous, high performance rocket propellant, operable at high pressure with a burn rate relatively insensitive to changes in pressure and temperature. The propellant includes a binder, ammonium perchlorate particles, metal particles, and iron oxide. The ammonium perchlorate particles comprise a multimodal mixture of rounded particles having a weight mean diameter of from about 70 μm to about 110 μm and of nonrounded particles having a weight mean diameter of from about 7.5 μm to about 15 μm. In one embodiment, the propellant includes a binder formed from the reaction of a hydroxy terminated polybutadiene with a diisocyanate, ammonium perchlorate as an oxidizer, aluminum as a fuel, and iron oxide as a burn rate modifier. The propellant may also include bonding agents, curing catalysts, a plasticizer, antioxidant/peroxide scavengers, and pot life extenders.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION

This application is a continuation of application Ser. No. 10/383,656,filed Mar. 10, 2003, pending.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The invention is directed to a solid, heterogeneous, high performancerocket propellant operable at high pressure with a burn rate relativelyinsensitive to changes in pressure and temperature. The propellant iscomprised of large and small ammonium perchlorate particles, metalparticles, a binder, and iron oxide.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Rocket motors operate by generating large amounts of hot gases from thecombustion of a propellant stored in the motor casing. During operation,the gases generated from the combustion of the propellant accumulatewithin the combustion chamber until enough pressure is amassed withinthe casing to force the gases out of the casing and through the exhaustport. The expulsion of the gases from the rocket motor into theenvironment produces thrust.

Propellants are either solid or liquid. Solid propellants tend to beeasier to utilize from a manufacturing and handling standpoint. Solidpropellants are used extensively in the aerospace industry as thepreferred means for powering most missiles and rockets for military,commercial and space applications.

Solid propellants fall into one of two categories. First, there arehomogeneous solid propellants that contain fuel and oxidizer in a singlemolecule. Examples include nitrocellulose and nitroglycerin. Second,there are heterogeneous propellants that are generally in the form of acomposite that includes an oxidizing agent, a fuel, and a binder. It isalso known to add plasticizers, curing agents, cure catalysts, ballisticcatalysts, and other additives to such heterogeneous compositions.

Ammonium perchlorate is often the oxidizer of choice in solidheterogeneous propellants. Ammonium perchlorate is added in particulateform. Propellants that contain ammonium perchlorate have been thebackbone of the solid propulsion industry for almost fifty years.

Various metals, such as aluminum, zirconium, and magnesium, can be addedto act as a fuel. These metals are flammable in powdered form. Thefunction of the fuel component is to increase the flame temperature andgenerate hot metal particles for improved ignition.

In order to hold the propellant together, a binder is utilized. Knownbinders include polyurethanes, such as those based on the reactionproduct of hydroxyterminated polybutadiene (“HTPB”) and a diisocyanate.

It is known to form a solid heterogeneous propellant from thecombination of ammonium perchlorate, aluminum, and polyurethane. Thefollowing patents disclose such combinations: (1) U.S. Pat. No.6,086,692; (2) U.S. Pat. No. 5,872,328; (3) U.S. Pat. No. 5,792,982; (4)U.S. Pat. No. 5,474,625; (5) U.S. Pat. No. 5,472,532; (6) U.S. Pat. No.5,047,097; (7) U.S. Pat. No. 4,915,754; (8) U.S. Pat. No. 4,913,753; (9)U.S. Pat. No. 4,493,741; (10) U.S. Pat. No. 4,597,811; (11) 4,411,717;and (12) H717.

When designing solid heterogeneous propellant formulations, it isnecessary to carefully balance hardness with flexibility. This isespecially true for propellants used in a Ballistic Trajectory GuidedMunition (“BTGM”). A BTGM is defined herein as a projectile fired from agun whose range is additionally boosted by firing an attached rocketmotor.

The propellant must be sufficiently hard to prevent slumping, whereinthe propellant is driven to the back of the motor casing during, forinstance, ignition. This problem is even more pronounced in propellantsused in BTGMs since the projectile is first fired from a gun. Pressuresduring firing rise as high as 10,000 psi.

Conversely, the propellant must be sufficiently elastic to avoidcracking. Once again, this problem is even more pronounced inpropellants used in BTGMs since the projectile is first fired from agun. If the propellant cracks, the exposed surface area in an affectedcross section increases. When an affected cross section is ignited, moresurface area burns than anticipated due to the presence of the crack.This results in a pressure spike within the casing. Pressure spikescause erratic thrust and, when sufficiently high, burst the motor casingand cause rocket failure.

The propellant should have a high but steady burn rate that exhibits lowpressure sensitivity. Once again, this is especially true for apropellant used in BTGMs, since the projectile is already moving whenignition occurs. A high burn rate (around 2.5 to 3.5 ips @ 10,000 psi)insures action time consistent with design requirements. The steady burnrate insures predictable thrust so that the casing does not burst and/orrequire excess reinforcement. “Pressure sensitivity,” as used herein, ismeasured by a pressure exponent, i.e., the change in burn rate (ips)over the change in pressure (psi). Conventional propellants aregenerally too pressure sensitive—exhibiting an exponential increase inburn rate at pressures substantially lower than 10,000 psi.

For the purposes of BTGMs, it would be desirable to develop a propellantthat has a Young's modulus of about 450 to about 800 psi, a tensilestrength range of about 70 to about 180 psi, and an elongation ofgreater than about 30%. Additionally, for the purposes of BTGMs, itwould be desirable to develop a propellant that has a relativelyconstant pressure exponent (i.e., less than about 0.5 ips/psi) overpressures up to about 10,000 psi. Ideally, it would be desirable todevelop a propellant that has a burn rate at about 10,000 psi of around3 ips±0.5. Burning rates may be obtained by any practical methodincluding, but not limited to, burning strands and small-scale highpressure test motors.

The propellant should also be easy to process and handle. For instance,there should be sufficient pot life during production for the uncuredpropellant to be cast into a motor casing. In addition, since there isusually a long duration between the manufacture of a propellant and itsuse, the propellant should exhibit a long shelf life. Ideally, it wouldbe desirable to develop a propellant that has a pot life of at leastseven hours and a shelf life of at least five years.

BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The invention relates to a solid heterogeneous high performance rocketpropellant operable at high pressures with a burn rate relativelyinsensitive to changes in pressure and temperature. The invention can beutilized in the motor of any rocket. However, the propellant is ideallysuited for use as the propellant in BTGMs.

The propellant comprises large and small ammonium perchlorate particles,metal particles, a binder, and iron oxide.

Ammonium perchlorate may function as an oxidizer. Ammonium perchlorateis added in the form of a unique multimodal blend of at least twodifferent types of particles. The first type of particles are large,rounded particles having a weight mean diameter in the range of about 70μm to about 110 μm. The second type of particles are small, nonroundedparticles, having a weight mean diameter of about 7.5 μm to about 15 μm.This multimodal combination of ammonium perchlorate particles providesoptimum balance between exposed oxidizer surface area and packingfraction, both of which impact burn rate. The ammonium perchlorateaccounts for from about 65 percent to about 95 percent of the weight ofthe propellant and the large and small particles are present in a ratioof about 40/60 to about 60/40, respectively.

The metal particles are added as fuel. In one embodiment, aluminum isutilized and is added in the form of fine particles, such as particleshaving a weight mean diameter in the range of about 3 to about 10 μm. Inanother embodiment, the metal particles make up about 10 to about 20percent of the weight of the propellant.

The binder, as the name implies, holds the composition together. Thebinder may be formed by reacting in-situ a prepolymer with a curingagent. Preferred prepolymers include hydroxy functional prepolymers,such as HTPB. Preferred curing agents for hydroxy functional prepolymersare multifunctional isocyanates. In one embodiment, the binder makes upfrom about 7 to about 15 percent of the weight of the propellant. Whenisocyanate curing agents are used to cure a hydroxy functionalprepolymer, such as HTPB, the NCO/OH ratio between the two components isin the range of from about 0.8 to about 1.2.

The iron oxide functions as a burn rate modifier. Accordingly, theamount of iron oxide directly impacts the ultimate burn rate. In oneembodiment, iron oxide represents about 0.5 to about 3 percent of theweight of the propellant.

Cure catalysts, bonding agents, plasticizers and pot life extenders canbe added, as needed, to facilitate processing. Antioxidant/peroxidescavengers can be added, as needed, to extend shelf life.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

The propellant of the present invention includes an ammonium perchlorateoxidizer, a metal particulate fuel, a binder, and an iron oxide burnrate modifier. Cure catalysts, bonding agents, plasticizers, and potlife extenders may optionally be added to facilitate processing.Antioxidant/peroxide scavengers may also optionally be added to extendshelf life. The components are mixed, cast, and cured.

A substantial component in the propellant is ammonium perchlorate.Ammonium perchlorate acts as the oxidizer in the propellant composition.Although other oxidizers are known in the art, ammonium perchlorate ispreferred due to its relatively high availability, relatively low cost,high energy, low hazards, ability to oxidize commonly available fuels,and variable burn rate.

Ammonium perchlorate is added to the propellant composition inparticulate form. At least two types of ammonium perchlorate particlesmay be employed. The first type of particle may be a rounded particlethat has a weight mean diameter ranging from about 70 μm to about 110μm, preferably from about 85 μm to about 95 μm, ideally about 90 μm, asmeasured by a Coulter Counter or Microtrac device. By “rounded,” it ismeant that the particles are rotary rounded to insure a generallyspherical shape. The second type of particle is a smaller, lesssymmetrical particle, generally ground from 200 μm feedstock. The secondtype of particles range in weight mean diameter from about 5 μm to about15 μm, preferably from about 7.5 μm to about 12.5 μm, and is ideallyabout 10 μm. The two types of particles are preferably premixed prior toaddition to the propellant composition. The particles are generallypresent in a large to small particle ratio of from about 40/60 to about60/40, respectively. In one embodiment, a bimodal composition havingapproximately equal amounts of both types of ammonium perchlorateparticles is employed.

Using two types of particles (aluminum and ammonium perchlorate)maximizes the impulse-density product obtained from the propellant.Specific impulse is the total force integrated over burning time perunit weight of propellant. Specific impulse (“I_(sp)”) is calculatedusing the formula:I _(sp) =Ft/mgwhere “F” is thrust (N), “t” is time (s), “m” is propellant mass (kg)and “g” is the gravitational constant (ms⁻²). Impulse density may beobtained by multiplying the specific impulse by the density of theresultant composition. By using a mixture of larger, rounded oxidizerparticles, and smaller, rougher oxidizer particles along with smalleraluminum particles, a higher packing fraction is obtained. In otherwords, the smaller particles rest in the interstices between the largerparticles. This maximizes the exposed oxidizer surface area per kilogrammaterial and, thereby, the impulse density.

The ammonium perchlorate oxidizer represents more than half of thepropellant's weight. Although there is a point of diminishing returns,increased oxidizer content generally increases the propellant's specificimpulse. The total amount of oxidizer may range from about 65% by weightto about 80% by weight of the propellant. More preferably, the oxidizerrepresents about 70% to about 75%, by weight, of the propellant.Ideally, the oxidizer agent is about 71% by weight of the propellant.

A metal fuel is added to increase the propellant's combustiontemperature as well as the specific momentum of the escaping gases. Suchmetallic fuels include aluminum, magnesium, lithium, and boron. Foreconomy, performance, and toxicity reasons, aluminum is the mostpreferred material.

The fuel may be added to the propellant in the form of very finepowders, i.e., particles having a weight mean diameter of from about 3μm to about 10 μm as measured by a Coulter Counter or Microtrac device.For instance, the particles may have a weight mean diameter of fromabout 3 μm to about 5 μm. This particle size is unusually low for ametal fuel.

The fuel may represent anywhere from about 10 percent to about 20percent of the weight of the propellant. Ideally, the fuel representsabout 14% of the propellant.

The binder holds the propellant together and acts as an auxiliary fuel.Once cured, the binder makes the propellant flexible, which decreasesthe likelihood that the propellant will fracture under stress andpressure.

In the uncured state, the binder may include at least two components.The first component is a liquid or semi-liquid prepolymer. The secondcomponent is a curing agent. Upon cure, the functional moieties on thecuring agent react with functional moieties on the prepolymer to formcrosslinks that harden the material.

Useful binders include those formed by reacting carboxy-terminatedprepolymers with multifunctional imines or epoxides, as well as thoseformed by reacting hydroxyterminated prepolymers with multifunctionalisocyanates. The binder may be formed from a polydiene prepolymer, e.g.,a butadiene-acrylonitrile-acrylic acid terpolymer (“PBAN”), a HTPB, or acarboxy terminated polybutadiene (“CTPB”).

The binder may be formed by reacting a HTPB prepolymer with amultifunctional isocyanate curing agent. Ideally, the HTPB prepolymerhas an OH functionality of from about 2 to about 3 and a specificaverage molecular weight less than about 10,000, preferably about 1000to about 5,000, and more preferably about 3,000. Commercial and militarygrades of acceptable HTPB prepolymer include R45M and R45HT. The number“45” refers to the approximate number of diene units in the polymerchain. These products have a viscosity roughly similar to motor oil.

Hydroxy functional prepolymers, such as HTPB, are cured usingmultifunctional isocyanates. Curing agents suitable for use with theinvention include hexamethylene diisocyanate (“HMDI”), isophoronediisocyanate (“IPDI”), toluene diisocyanate (“TDI”), trimethylxylenediisocyanate (“TMDI”), dimeryl diisocyanate (“DDI”), diphenylmethanediisocyanate (“MDI”), naphthalene diisocyanate (“NDI”), dianisidinediisocyanate (“DADI”), phenylene diisocyanate (“PDI”), xylenediisocyanate (“MXDI”), ethylenediisocyanate (“HDI”), otherdiisocyanates, triisocyanates, and polyfunctional isocyanates, andmixtures thereof. Preferably, the curing agent is IPDI, which is a lessreactive isocyanate and, therefore, helpful to pot life.

Curing occurs when hydroxyl groups on the prepolymer react withisocyanate groups on the curing agent to form urethane crosslinks.Curing hardens the material. Given sufficient time, curing can occur atambient temperature. However, curing is generally accelerated by theapplication of heat and/or pressure and also by cure catalyst.

In general, the prepolymer is about 7% to about 15%, preferably about8.5% of the weight of the propellant. The curing agent is then selectedto insure the desired degree of crosslinking. For instance, when HTPB isemployed, the isocyanate curing agent is added in an amount sufficientto generate a ratio of isocyanate groups to hydroxy groups (NCO/OH) offrom about 0.80 to about 1.20, preferably from bout 0.85 to about 0.90.The curing agent is typically present in an amount greater than zeropercent but no more than about 5 percent of the propellant's weight.Preferably, the curing agent is about 0.5 to about 1 percent of thepropellant's weight. More preferably, the curing agent is about 0.6percent of the propellant's weight.

Burn rate modifiers, or ballistic modifiers, accelerate or deceleratethe combustion of the reaction as desired. In the instant invention,iron oxide was utilized as a burn rate modifier in the amount of about0.5 percent to about 3.0 percent, and preferably in an amount of about2.0 percent. The iron oxide, in this amount, reduces the ignitiontemperature, accelerates combustion, and keeps the pressure exponentless than about 0.5 ips/psi over ambient pressure to about 10,000 psi. Anumber of acceptable types of iron oxide are known in art, including rediron oxide and yellow iron oxide. Red iron oxide, however, is preferred.

Cure catalysts may or may not be present and can vary depending on thetype of binder. Preferably, the cure catalyst is present in an amountrepresenting anywhere from about 0.01 percent to about 0.25 percent ofthe weight of the binder. Ideally, the cure catalyst is about 0.015percent of the weight of the binder.

For polyurethane bound systems, a good catalyst accelerates essentiallythe urethane reaction leaving side reactions, e.g., the water-isocyanatereaction, relatively unaffected. Suitable catalysts for formingpolyurethane binders include, but are not limited to, the following:triphenyl bismuth (“TPB”), dibutyltin dilaurate (“DBTDL”), and the like,as well as mixtures thereof. The preferred catalyst is TPB.

A bonding agent may be added to reduce the viscosity of the mixture andincrease the strength of the finished propellant. The bonding agentdecreases the viscosity by evolving gas (e.g., ammonia) that breaks upthe thick uncured propellant slurry, making it easier to process. Thebonding agent increases the strength of the finished product byphysically and chemically attaching the ammonium perchlorate to thebinder.

A number of bonding agents are known and conventional. For instance, thebonding agents may be the polyamine bonding agents TEPANOL (i.e., atetraethylenepentamine acrylonitrile glycidol reaction product) andTEPAN (i.e., a partially cyanoacrylated tetraethylenepentamine), both ofwhich are commercially available products supplied by 3M.

TEPANOL and TEPAN are believed to become chemically linked to thepolymeric propellant binder. TEPANOL and TEPAN also electrostaticallycoordinate with the aluminum perchlorate after forming a perchloratesalt from an acid/base reaction with aluminum perchlorate. Thus, TEPANOLand TEPAN aid in binding the aluminum perchlorate particles into thepropellant matrix.

TEPANOL and TEPAN have a relatively basic pH, and in the presence ofaluminum perchlorate, they produce a significant amount of ammonia.Thus, propellant mixing steps involving these bonding agents are carriedout under vacuum in order to substantially remove the produced ammonia.Insufficient removal of the ammonia can result in soft cures andnonreproducible mechanical properties because the free ammonia reactswith some of the isocyanate curing agent and thus hinders consistentcrosslinking.

Compositions containing TEPANOL and/or TEPAN are generally processed andcured at elevated temperatures, about 135° F. At ambient temperature,about 80° F., cure times can take as long as six to eight weeks.

Preferably, the bonding agent represents about 0.05 percent to about0.15 percent of the weight of the propellant. More preferably, thebonding agent represents about 0.10 percent of the weight of thepropellant.

In one embodiment, TEPANOL is the bonding agent. An acceptablecommercial grade of TEPANOL is sold under the designation HX-878.

Plasticizers may be added to decrease viscosity and extend pot life. Anyconventional plasticizer for rubber may be employed. For instance, theplasticizers may include dioctylsebacate (“DOS”), dioctyladipate(“DOA”), isodecylperlargonate (“IDP”), dioctylphthalate (“DOP”) and thelike. In one embodiment, DOS is used as the plasticizer.

The plasticizer makes up no more than about 10 percent of thepropellant's weight. For instance, the plasticizer is about 2.5 percentto about 4 percent of the propellant's weight. Ideally, the plasticizeris about 3.5 percent of the propellant's weight.

Pot life is defined herein as the time the propellant mixture remainssufficiently fluid to permit processing and casting into an appropriatevessel, e.g., a rocket motor chamber. For the purposes of flaw freecasting, the propellant should maintain a viscosity less than about5,000 poise for about 6 hours to about 8 hours.

Extremely catalytic materials, such as iron oxide in a urethane formingformulation, may reduce the actual pot life to less than one hour. Also,more reactive curing agents reduce pot life.

However, some materials, called “pot life extenders,” delay the onset ofcure and, thereby, extend pot life. For instance, maleic and oxalic acidretard or inhibit the catalysis of urethane reactions by cure inducingmaterials such as iron oxide without interfering with the function ofcure catalysts such as TPB. These acids may be preblended with thecuring agent prior to addition to prevent gassing in the propellant.

The present invention may also contain a pot life extender, such asmaleic anhydride. The pot life extender makes up about 0.005 percent toabout 1 percent of the weight of the propellant. Ideally, the pot lifeextender makes up about 0.03 percent of the weight of the propellant.

Not all of the hydroxyl bonding sites in the prepolymer used to form thebinder are exhausted during crosslinking. Accordingly, the propellantsare subject to oxidative hardening and other contaminant reactionsduring storage. Antioxidants may be added to prevent oxidativehardening, which otherwise reduces the strain capability and increasesthe modulus of the propellant.

Suitable antioxidants may include2,2-methylene-bis-(4-methyl-tert-butylphenol),2,2′-bis(4-methyl-6-tert-butylphenol),4,4′-bis(4-methyl-6-tert-butylphenol), and the like, or mixturesthereof. In one embodiment, the antioxidant is2,2-methylene-bis-(4-methyl-6-tert-butylphenol), which is commerciallyavailable as a product called AO-2246. Antioxidants are employed in theamount of about 0.1 percent to about 0.2 percent, by weight, of thepropellant. Ideally, about 0.13 percent antioxidant is employed.

A distinct subset of antioxidants, which may be employed in addition tothe general antioxidants specified above, are peroxide scavengers.Peroxide scavengers, as the name implies, react with peroxidecontaminants in the system. The peroxide scavenger may betrinonylphenylphosphite, which is sold under the name POLYGARD. Peroxidescavengers make up about 0.1 percent o about 0.2 percent, by weight, ofthe propellant and are added in combination with the antioxidantsspecified above. Ideally, about 0.13 percent peroxide scavenger isemployed.

Antioxidant and peroxide scavengers increase the shelf life of thepropellant multifold. A typical shelf life ranges from one to ten years.Shelf life is an important property, especially in militaryapplications, where weapons are generally procured and stockpiled longbefore use.

As stated, the ingredients of the propellant are admixed. Generally,mixing involves mechanically blending the components at elevatedtemperature. Preferably, mixing is conducted at a temperature of about140° F. using mixing speed 10 on a 1-gallon Baker-Perkins planetarymixer. Certain mixing steps are conducted under vacuum to pull offvolatiles, such as ammonia, if present.

The admixed ingredients are then added to the cast. Generally, the castis a motor casing for a rocket. Casting should be done within the potlife of the propellant.

The cast propellant is then fully cured. Cure generally involvesmaintaining the cast propellant in a high temperature environment for anextended period of time. The curing is performed over the course of fromabout 7 days to about 10 days at about 140° F.

An example of the propellant of the invention exhibits a Young's modulusof from about 450 psi to about 800 psi, a tensile strength of from about70 psi to about 180 psi, and an elongation of at least about 30%. Thesemeasurements were obtained using an Instron testing machine. Conditionsfor the test were a strain rate of 0.74 in/in/minute, a test temperatureat ambient (nominally 77° F.±110° F., and a test pressure at atmosphericconditions. JANNAF class C dog bones were used. The propellant alsoexhibits a pressure exponent that is less than about 0.5 ips/psi atpressures up to about 10,000 psi. The pressure exponent was establishedwith an optical strand bomb using ¼″×¼″×3″ burn length strands andverified by high pressure 2″×4″ right cylinder test motors. Finally, thepropellant exhibits a burn rate of around 3±0.5 ips at 10,000 psi. Theburn rate was also established using an optical strand bomb using¼″×¼×3″ burn length strands and verified by high pressure 2″×4″ rightcylinder test motors.

The propellant of the invention can be used to propel any rocket.However, the propellant is ideally suited for, and specifically designedfor, BTGMs, such as the Autonomous Naval Support Round (ANSR). Ingeneral, the ANSR is a 60 inch long, 5-inch diameter, gun launched,rocket assisted, guided projectile. However, the ANSR can be scaled downfrom a 5-inch diameter to any gun launch diameter including the AGS155-mm size.

The ANSR uses a rolling airframe and ballistic trajectory to achieve arange greater than 50 nautical miles when fired from a standard Mk45,Mod 2 gun, and a range greater than 63 nautical miles when fired fromthe Mod 4 gun, in accordance with Naval Surface Fire Support (“NSFS”)requirements. This is an improvement over current Navy gun launchedprojectiles which have a limited range of approximately 12 nauticalmiles. Thus, the ANSR extends the range of naval surface fire support,improving vessel survivability and increasing the number of shorelineswhere fire support may be provided.

The rocket motor for the ANSR is preferably positioned between thewarhead section and the tail section, and assists the projectile'sflight once it is positioned at least 2000 feet from gun launch. Therocket motor provides thrust to the projectile by burning approximately30 pounds of the propellant made in accordance with the invention overan approximately 19 second period of time. The rocket motor containingthe propellant of the invention provides the projectile with a sustainedlevel of thrust throughout its motor burn time. The rocket motor isignited using a rapid deflagration cord that is placed in contact withthe initial burning surface of the propellant grain.

Propellants used in BTGMs, such as the ANSR, have many of theconventional propellant processing and handling requirements. However,the propellants must also be able to withstand the tremendous increasein heat, pressure and vibration caused when the projectile is initiallyfired from the gun. In addition, upon ignition, the propellant must burnwith a sustained level of thrust. The present invention meets all ofthese requirements.

The following example further illustrates the invention:

EXAMPLE

A propellant mixture was prepared from the following components in thefollowing amounts: INGREDIENT WEIGHT % GRAMS ± R45M 8.503 382.65 1.00 AO2246 0.130 5.85 0.05 Polygard 0.130 5.85 0.05 TPB 0.015 0.675 0.05HX-878 0.100 4.50 0.05 DOS 3.470 156.15 0.50 A1, H-3 14.000 630.0 1.10MA 0.030 1.35 0.10 Red Iron Oxide 2.000 90.00 0.10 AP 90 μm 46.1502076.8 4.00 AP 10 μm 24.850 1118.3 3.00 IPDI 0.622 27.97 0.10 TOTAL100.00 4500The solid content in the mixture is 87.03% (made up of the aluminum,maleic anhydride, red iron oxide, and ammonium perchlorate). The NCO/OHratio between the isocyanate moieties on the IPDI to the hydroxylmoieties on the R45M is 0.870. The ratio of AP 90 μm particles to AP 10μm particles is 1.9. The viscosity of the mixture at the end of mix+4hours is 2-5 kP (as measured on a Haake viscometer using a 0.91 cupsize). Less than 5 kP is desired. The mixture is prepared using thefollowing steps:

R45M, DOS, HX-878, AO-2246, Polygard, and Al are mixed at 140° F., atmixer speed 10, for 25 minutes, at ambient pressure. “Mixer speed 10”means that the outer blade in a two blade Bakers-Perkins mixer makes tencomplete revolutions per minute. HX-878 is left out at room temperaturefor 24 hours prior to mixing.

The resultant dust is wiped down to ensure incorporation of all solids.

35% of a blend of AP 90 μm particles and AP 10 μm particles is added tothe mixture and admixed at 140° F., at mixer speed 10 for 10 minutes, atambient pressure.

Another 25% of the AP blend is added to the mixture and admixed at 140°F., at mixer speed 10, for 15 minutes, at ambient pressure.

The admixture is vacuum mixed at 140° F., at mixer speed 10, for 30minutes, at less than 15 mm Hg.

The resultant dust is wiped down.

Another 25% of the AP blend is then added to the mixture and admixed at140° F., at mixer speed 10, for 10 minutes, at ambient pressure.

The remaining 15% of the AP blend is added to the mixture and admixed at140° F., at mixer speed 10, for 15 minutes, at ambient pressure.

The mixture is vacuum mixed at 140° F., at mixer speed 10, for 45minutes, at less than 15 mm Hg.

Red iron oxide is added to the mixture and admixed at 140° F., at mixerspeed 10, for 5 minutes, at ambient pressure.

The resultant dust is wiped down.

IPDI, TPB (dissolved in a minute amount of toluene), and MA (dissolvedin a minute amount of acetone) is added to the mixture and admixed at140° F., at mixer speed 10, for 0.5 minutes, at ambient pressure.

The mixture is vacuum mixed at 140° F., at mixer speed 10, for 20minutes, at less than 15 mm Hg.

The vacuum is held at 140° F. for 60 minutes at less than 15 mm Hg.

A polyethylene carton is cast and held under vacuum at ambienttemperature for 30 minutes at less than 15 mm Hg.

The mixture thus prepared is then poured slowly into a rocket motor andcured for from 7 days to 10 days at 140° F. The result is a solidheterogeneous propellant.

It will be appreciated to those skilled in the art that variousmodifications can be made to the invention as described above withoutdeparting from the spirit of the invention. Applicants claim right tothe invention as defined below.

1. A propellant, comprising: a binder; ammonium perchlorate particles;metal particles; and iron oxide, wherein the ammonium perchlorateparticles comprise a multimodal mixture of rounded particles having aweight mean diameter of from about 70 μm to about 110 μm and ofnonrounded particles having a weight mean diameter of from about 7.5 μmto about 15 μm.
 2. The propellant of claim 1, wherein the bindercomprises a polyurethane.
 3. The propellant of claim 1, wherein thebinder is a polyurethane formed by reacting in-situ a hydroxy functionalprepolymer and a multifunctional isocyanate curing agent.
 4. Thepropellant of claim 3, wherein the hydroxy functional prepolymer is ahydroxy terminated polybutadiene having a hydroxy functionality of fromabout 2 to about 3 and a specific average molecular weight of less thanabout 10,000 and wherein the multifunctional isocyanate curing agent isa diisocyanate.
 5. The propellant of claim 3, wherein the hydroxyfunctional prepolymer comprises from about 7 percent to about 15 percentof a total weight of the propellant.
 6. The propellant of claim 3,wherein the multifunctional isocyanate curing agent comprises asufficient amount of the propellant so that a isocyanate/hydroxy(“NCO/OH”) moiety ratio between the prepolymer and the multifunctionalisocyanate curing agent is from about 0.8 to about 1.2.
 7. Thepropellant of claim 1, wherein a weight ratio of rounded ammoniumperchlorate particles to nonrounded ammonium perchlorate particles isfrom about 40/60 to about 60/40, respectively.
 8. The propellant ofclaim 1, wherein the metal particles are aluminum particles that have aweight mean diameter of from about 3 μm to about 10 μm.
 9. Thepropellant of claim 8, wherein the aluminum particles comprise fromabout 10 percent to about 20 percent of a total weight of thepropellant.
 10. The propellant of claim 1, wherein the iron oxidecomprises from about 0.5 percent to about 3 percent of a total weight ofthe propellant.
 11. The propellant of claim 1, further comprising atleast one of a bonding agent, a curing catalyst, a plasticizer,antioxidant/peroxide scavengers, and a pot life extender.
 12. Thepropellant of claim 11, wherein the bonding agent is a reaction productof tetraethylenepentamine, acrylonitrile, and glycidol.
 13. Thepropellant of claim 11, wherein the binder is a polyurethane and whereinthe curing catalyst is selected from the group consisting of triphenylbismuth, dibutyltin dilaurate, and mixtures thereof.
 14. The propellantof claim 11, wherein the plasticizer comprises dioctyl sebacate, dioctyladipate, isodecyl perlargonate, dioctyl phthalate, or mixtures thereof.15. The propellant of claim 11, wherein the antioxidant comprises2,2-methylene-bis-(4-methyl-tert-butylphenol).
 16. The propellant ofclaim 11, wherein the pot life extender is maleic anhydride.
 17. Thepropellant of claim 1, wherein the propellant comprises from about 7weight percent to about 15 weight percent of the binder, from about 0.1weight percent to about 0.4 weight percent of an antioxidant, from about0.005 weight percent to about 0.2 weight percent of a peroxidescavenger, from about 0.01 weight percent to about 0.25 weight percentof a curing catalyst, from about 0.05 weight percent to about 0.15weight percent of a bonding agent, from about 2.5 weight percent toabout 4 weight percent of a plasticizer, from about 0.01 weight percentto about 1 weight percent of a pot life extender, from about 10 weightpercent to about 20 weight percent of aluminum, from about 0.5 weightpercent to about 3 weight percent of iron oxide, from about 65 weightpercent to about 75 weight percent of ammonium perchlorate, and fromabout 0.5 weight percent to about 5 weight percent of a multifunctionalisocyanate curing agent.
 18. The propellant of claim 1, wherein thepropellant comprises about 8.503 weight percent of hydroxy-terminatedpolybutadiene, about 0.13 weight percent of2,2-methylene-bis-(4-methyl-tert-butylphenol), about 0.13 weight percentof trinonylphenyl phosphite, about 0.015 weight percent of triphenylbismuth, about 0.1 weight percent of a reaction product oftetraethylenepentamine, acrylonitrile, and glycidol, about 3.47 weightpercent of dioctylsebacate, about 14.0 weight percent of aluminum, about0.03 weight percent of maleic anhydride, about 2.0 weight percent of rediron oxide, about 46.15 weight percent of 90 μm aluminum perchlorate,about 24.85 weight percent of 10 μm aluminum perchlorate, and about0.622 weight percent of isophorone diisocyanate.
 19. The propellant ofclaim 1, wherein the ammonium perchlorate particles comprise from about65 percent to about 95 percent of the weight of the propellant.
 20. Arocket motor comprising a rocket motor casing and a propellant incontact with the rocket motor casing, wherein the propellant comprises:a binder; ammonium perchlorate particles; metal particles; and ironoxide, wherein the ammonium perchlorate particles are in a form of amultimodal mixture of rounded particles having a weight mean diameter offrom about 70 μm to about 110 μm and of nonrounded particles having aweight mean diameter of from about 7.5 μm to about 15 μm.
 21. Aballistic trajectory munition comprising a projectile having a rocketmotor attached thereto, the rocket motor including a propellant incontact with a rocket motor casing, wherein the propellant comprises: abinder; ammonium perchlorate particles; metal particles; and iron oxide,wherein the ammonium perchlorate particles are in a form of a multimodalmixture of rounded particles having a weight mean diameter of from about70 μm to about 110 μm and of nonrounded particles having a weight meandiameter of from about 7.5 μm to about 15 μm.